What is Genetic Counseling?

You may have heard that genetic testing can help determine someone’s risk of developing cancer. In recent years, it has become more common for people to be referred to a genetic counselor after being diagnosed with cancer. But what does genetic testing mean? And what does a genetic counselor do?

What Does a Genetic Counselor Do? A genetic counselor has training in genetics and counseling. They can help explain the genetics of cancer, the pros and cons of genetic testing, and the odds that a cancer-causing mutation runs in the family. Mainly, they are there to break down complicated topics in a way that is understandable so you can make the best decision for you and your family. Genetic counselors are not doctors — they receive a master’s degree in genetic counseling. In the United States, they become certified by the American Board of Genetic Counseling. People can see genetic counselors for many different reasons: prenatal screening to learn their baby’s chance of having a genetic disorder, pediatric genetic testing if a child is suspected of having a genetic disorder, and cancer genetic testing to see if an increased risk of cancer runs in someone’s family. Today, we’ll focus on cancer genetic counseling.

What Happens at a Genetic Counseling Visit? A typical genetic counseling visit begins with talking through the agenda and setting goals for the session. Next, the genetic counselor will ask you about your personal medical history and family medical history. Here are some examples of questions they might ask:

● How old was your mom and/or dad when diagnosed with breast cancer?

● Has anyone else in your family had early onset prostate cancer?

● How many siblings do you have?

● Has anyone in the family had cancer multiple times?

After talking through the family history, the genetic counselor will look at your family tree and see if there are any patterns of cancer in the family. Based on this, they will tell you your genetic testing options.

Can I Still See a Genetic Counselor if I Don’t Want Testing? Genetic testing is a very personal decision and may not be right for everyone. A good genetic counselor will not pressure you into testing. You can also decide that genetic testing may not be right at this time (especially if you’re going through the process of treating a cancer). It’s always okay to come back to genetics after a few years if you decide you want testing.

How Can I See A Genetic Counselor? How Much Does This Cost? You can get connected with a genetic counselor through your primary care provider, oncologist, or the National Society of Genetic Counselors’ Find a Genetic Counselor page. Genetic counseling prices vary by hospital and insurance coverage. How much genetic testing will cost depends on your insurance, family history of cancer, and the laboratory that does the testing. Out-of-pocket testing costs typically don’t exceed $250. Be sure to check with your local care team for accurate information about cost.

In Summary Genetic counseling is where science meets care. It’s about helping individuals and families make sense of genetics in a way that’s meaningful, compassionate, and empowering. Whether you're seeking answers, making decisions, or simply curious, genetic counseling can be a valuable tool on your healthcare journey.